HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SECOND YEAR SCIENCE ELECTIVE
SPECIFIC COMPETENCIES
After undergoing the Second Year Science Elective (Human Anatomy and Physiology) Program, the learner shall have developed the following competencies:
1st Quarter
I. Introduction
- Understand the nature of Human Anatomy and Physiology as a branch of biology that deals with structures and functions of the human body.
1.1 Understand the meaning of anatomy and physiology.
1.2 Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.
- Identify the levels of structural organization
2.1 Identify the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related.
2.2 Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system.
- Understand the different life processes of living organisms.
3.1 Identify the different life processes that humans must perform to maintain life.
3.2 Explain homeostasis and its importance.
- Understand the general terms use in anatomy and physiology
4.1 Use the anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces and body planes.
4.2 Locate the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity.
- Understand the basic chemistry in studying life.
5.1 Identify the four elements that form the bulk of body matter
5.2 Recognize that chemical reactions involve the interaction of electrons and break chemical bonds.
5.3 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds
5.4 Differentiate salt, acid and base.
II. Cells and Tissues
- Understand the external and internal structures and processes of a cell
1.1 Define cell, organelle and inclusion
1.2 Identify the three major cell regions ( nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane)
1.3 Explain the major function of the different organelles in a cell
1.4 Explain how osmosis is related to diffusion
1.5 Distinguish between active and passive transport
1.6 Differentiate phagocytosis from exocytosis
1.7 Describe the process of DNA replication.
1.8 Explain the role of DNA and the three varieties of RNA in protein synthesis
1.9 Differentiate mitosis from meiosis
- Understand the structures and functions of the four major human tissues
2.1 Explain how the four major tissue types differ structurally and functionally
2.2 Identify the chief locations of the various tissue types in the body
2.3 Recognize the process of tissue repair (wound healing)
2nd Quarter
III. The Skin and Body Membranes
- Understand the functions of the body membranes that line, cover, protect and lubricate body surfaces.
1.1 Appreciate the general functions of each membrane type – cutaneous, mucous, serous and synovial.
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system as the outermost boundary of the body.
2.1 Understand the several important functions of the integumentary system.
2.2 Identify the parts of the skin with the use of a model or diagram.
2.3 Describe the characteristics each layer of the epidermis
2.4 Describe the distribution and function of the epidermal derivatives—sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair.
2.5 Understand the factors that determine the skin color and describe the function of melanin
2.6 Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns
2.7 Explain the importance of the “rule of nines.”
2.8 Understand the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma.
- Appreciate the technologies that help defective organ systems functioning properly
3.1 Identify the technologies that help integumentary system function properly
IV. The Skeletal System
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the skeletal system as the internal framework of our body.
1.1 Understand the functions of the skeletal system.
1.2 Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular.
1.3 Name the four main kinds of bones.
1.4 Explain the role of bone salts and the organic matrix in making bone both hard and flexible.
1.5 Describe the process of bone formation in the fetus and summarize the events of bone remodeling throughout life.
1.6 Understand the various types of fractures.
- Identify the parts, features and functions of the axial skeleton.
2.1 With the use of a model or diagram identify the bones of the skull.
2.2 Describe how the skull of a new born infant differs from the adult.
2.3 Identify the parts of a typical vertebra and explain in general how the cervical, thoracic and lumbar differ from one another
2.4 Discuss the importance of the intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures.
2.5 Explain how the abnormal spinal curvatures (scoliosis, lordosis and kyphosis) differ from one another.
- Identify the parts, features and functions of the appendicular skeleton.
3.1 Identify the bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs
3.2 Describe important differences between a male and female pelvis.
- Appreciate the importance of the different joints of our body.
4.1 Identify the different joints and compare the amount of movement allowed by each.
- Be aware of some causes of bone and joint problems throughout life.
5.1 Be aware of some of the causes of bone and joint problems throughout life.
V. The Muscular System
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the muscular system as the system that provides movement.
1.1 Understand the similarities and differences in the structure and function of the three types of muscle tissue.
1.2 Explain the role of the following: endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, tendon and aponeurosis
- Describe the microscopic structure of the skeletal muscle and explain the role of actin- and myosin-containing myofilaments.
2.1 Describe the microscopic structure of the skeletal muscle and explain the role of actin- and myosin-containing myofilaments.
- Understand the skeletal muscle activity.
3.1 Describe the events of muscle cell contraction
3.2 Define graded response, tetanus, isotonic and isometric contractions, and muscle tone as these terms apply to a skeletal muscle.
3.3 Describe three ways in which ATP is regenerated during muscle activity.
3.4 Define oxygen debt and muscle fatigue..
3.5 Describe the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on skeletal muscles and other body organs.
- Understand the muscle movements, types and names.
4.1 Define origin, insertion, prime mover, antagonist, synergist and fixator as they relate to muscles.
4.2 Demonstrate the different types of body movements.
4.3 Understand the criteria used in naming muscles.
- Understand the gross anatomy of skeletal muscles
5.1 Locate the major muscles of the human body ( on a torso model, muscle chart or diagram) and state the action of each.
- Explain the importance of a nerve supply and exercise in keeping muscles healthy.
6.1 Explain the importance of a nerve supply and exercise in keeping muscles healthy.
VI. The Digestive System and Body Metabolism
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system as the system that breaks down food mechanically and chemically.
1.1 Identify the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs.
1.2 Understand the overall function of the digestive system as digestion and absorption of foodstuffs.
1.3 Describe the anatomy deciduous and permanent teeth.
1.4 Explain how villi aid digestive processes in the small intestine.
- Understand the functions of the digestive system.
2.1 Describe the mechanisms of swallowing, vomiting and defecation.
2.2 Identify the major enzymes or enzyme groups produced by the digestive organs or accessory glands.
2.3 Identify the end products of protein, fat and carbohydrate digestion.
- Understand the processes of metabolism.
3.1 Understand the processes of metabolism, anabolism and catabolism.
- Give some important congenital disorders of the digestive system and significant inborn errors of metabolism
4.1 Give some important congenital disorders of the digestive system and significant inborn errors of metabolism.
3rd Quarter
VII. The Cardiovascular System
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system as a system that pumps the blood through the powerful muscle of the heart, and blood vessels.
1.1 Describe the anatomy and location of the heart.
1.2 Identify the composition and volume of whole blood
1.3 Explain the role of the hemocytoblast
1.4 Describe the blood clotting process
1.5 Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups
1.6 Explain the basis for transfusion
1.7 Trace the pathway of blood through the heart
1.8 Compare the pulmonary and systemic circulation of blood
1.9 Explain systole and, diastole, stroke volume and cardiac cycle
1.10 Define heart sounds and murmur
1.11 Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries.
1.12 Explain blood pressure and pulse
- Explain how regular exercise and a diet low in fats and cholesterol may help maintain cardiovascular health.
2.1 Explain how regular exercise and a diet low in fats and cholesterol may help maintain cardiovascular health
VIII. The Lymphatic System
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system as a group of organs that work together to return leaked plasma to the blood vessels after cleansing it of bacteria and other foreign matter.
1.1 Explain how the lymphatic system is functionally related to the cardiovascular and immune systems.
1.2 Describe the composition of lymph and its formation and transport.
1.3 Understand how our body works to defend the body from harmful microscopic organisms and harmful substances.
1.4 Differentiate active from passive immunity.
1.5 Be aware of some diseases of lymphatic system.
VIII. The Respiratory System
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system as a group of organs that work together to supply oxygen to the blood while removing carbon dioxide.
1.1 Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs.
1.2 Describe the structure and function of the lungs.
1.3 Define cellular respiration, external respiration, internal respiration, pulmonary ventilation, expiration and inspiration.
1.4 Explain how the respiratory muscles cause volume changes that lead to air flow into and out of the lungs (breathing)
1.5 Describe the process of gas exchanges in the lungs and tissues.
1.6 Explain why it is not possible to stop breathing voluntarily.
- Know the symptoms and probable causes of COPD and lung cancer.
2.1 Know the symptoms and probable causes of COPD and lung cancer.
IX. The Urinary System
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system as a group of organs that rids the body of nitrogenous wastes while regulating water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
1.1 Describe the location of the kidneys in the body
1.2 Recognize that the nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
1.3 Describe the general structure and function of the ureters, bladder and urethra.
- Name and localize the three main fluid compartments of the body.
2.1 Name and localize the three main fluid compartments of the body.
- Compare and contrast the relative speed of buffers, the respiratory system, and the kidneys in maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood.
3.1 Compare and contrast the relative speed of buffers, the respiratory system, and the kidneys in maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood.
- Describe three common congenital problems of the urinary system.
4.1 Describe three common congenital problems of the urinary system.
X. The Nervous System
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as a group of organs that maintains body homeostasis with electrical signals; provides for sensation, higher mental functioning, and emotional response, and activates muscles and glands.
1.1 Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system.
1.2 Differentiate central nervous system from peripheral nervous system.
1.3 Understand the function of a neuron as the cell of the nervous system that transmits messages throughout the body.
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system.
2.1 Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalons, brain stem, and cerebellum.
2.2 Name the three meningeal layers and state their functions.
2.3 Discuss the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier.
2.4 Define EEG and explain how it evaluates neural functioning.
2.5 Describe the spinal cord.
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the peripheral nervous system.
3.1 Describe the general structure of a nerve.
3.2 Identify the cranial nerves by number and by name and their functions.
3.3 Differentiate the effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the following organs: heart, lungs, digestive system and blood vessels.
- List several factors that may have harmful effects on brain development.
4.1 Explain some causes of brain damage.
4th Quarter
XI. Special Senses
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the special senses that respond to different types of energetic stimuli involved in vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste.
1.1 Identify the parts of the eye and trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina.
1.2 Identify the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear and the functions.
1.3 Describe how the equilibrium organs help maintain balance.
1.4 Describe the location, structure, and function of the olfactory and taste receptors.
1.5 Name the four basic taste sensations and list factors that modify the sense of taste.
XII. The Endocrine System
1. Understand the relationship between the endocrine system and the hormones.
1.1 Describe how the hormones bring about their effects in the body.
1.2 Define negative feedback and describe its role in regulating blood levels of various hormones.
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system as a group of organs that maintain the homeostasis by releasing chemicals and controls prolonged or continuous processes such as growth, development, reproduction and metabolism.
2.1 Define between endocrine and exocrine glands.
2.2 Identify the major endocrine glands and tissues.
2.3 List the hormones produced by the endocrine glands and discuss their general functions.
2.4 Describe the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
- Describe the major pathological consequences of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of the hormones.
3.1 Describe the major pathological consequences of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of the hormones.
- Understand the role of other hormone-producing tissues and organs.
4.1 Understand the role of other hormone-producing organs and tissues such as kidneys, stomach, intestine, heart and placenta.
XIII. The Reproductive System
- Understand the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system as a group of organs that ensures continuity of the species by producing offspring.
1.1 Identify the organs of the male reproductive system and discuss the general function of each.
1.2 Discuss the composition of semen and name the glands that produce it.
1.3 Trace the pathway followed by a sperm from the testis to the body exterior.
1.4 Define meiosis spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
1.5 Describe the effect of FSH and LH on testis functioning.
1.6 Identify the organs of the female reproductive system and discuss the general function of each.
1.7 Describe the function of the vesicular follicle and corpus luteum of the ovary.
1.8 Describe the influence of FSH and LH on ovarian function.
1.9 Describe the phases and controls of the menstrual cycle.
- Describe the structure and function of the mammary glands.
2.1 Describe the structure and function of the mammary glands.
- Understand the process of pregnancy and embryonic development.
3.1 Describe implantation.
3.2 Appreciate the functions of the placenta.
3.3 Indicate several ways that pregnancy alters or modifies the functioning of the mother’s body.
3.4 Discuss the three stages of labor.
3.5 List several agents that can interfere with normal fetal development.
- Know the problems and issues related to fertility and population growth
4.1 Analyze some problems on fertility
4.2 Suggest ways of planning population growth
- Demonstrate understanding of the ill effects of human sexually transmitted diseases
5.1 Identify the risks of contamination to various sexually transmitted diseases specially AIDS
Prepared by:
MR. JAIME S. DE VERA JR
Human AnaPhy Teacher
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PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE STUDENT’S GRADE IN HUMAN ANAPHY
Periodic Test 25%
Quizzes 10%
Participation/Performance 35%
(recitation 15% & experiment 20%)
Project 20%
Assignment 10%
100%
Periodic Test
Summative assessment of student’s learning at the end of the quarter.
Quiz
Summative assessment of student’s learning at the end of the lesson; quizzes given for formative purposes are not considered in the computation of the student’s grade but as basis for making decision whether to proceed to the next lesson or reteach.
Participation/Performance
Students involvement in the learning process individually and/or in group.
Project Output
Product of a skill or process ( e.g., investigative project, journal etc.
Assignment
Work usually done outside the classroom in preparation for the next lesson and may involve an application or extension of student learning.
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